Defensive refuges, villages carved out of the rock, semi-subterranean cities adapted to extreme climates... From Cappadocia ...

A once-thriving Italian town, carved into the side of a cliff ... By the medieval period, Craco had grown into a fortified hilltop village, complete with a Norman watchtower and noble palaces.

South of Tuscany, around the towns of Sovana, Sorano, and Pitigliano, there is a network of roads or pathways carved into the living rock. It is known that the Etruscans or earlier peoples were their ...

The city in question is Matera, a UNESCO-listed gem carved into the rock of Basilicata in southern Italy. Often referred to as “the second Bethlehem,” it’s thought to date back more than ...