Background Mathematical models can be powerful policymaking tools. Simple, static models are user-friendly for policymakers. More complex, dynamic models account for time-dependent changes but are ...

Modeling the dynamic behavior of physical systems. Concepts of causality, dependent and independent storages, and state. Introduction to bond graphs. Generation of state equations; analytical and ...

The origin of spikes in single neurons was essentially solved by the Nobel-prize winning Hodgkin–Huxley model developed in the 1950s. Drawing directly from detailed neurophysiological recordings of ...

Expertise from Forbes Councils members, operated under license. Opinions expressed are those of the author. Especially when it comes to manufacturing, problem-solving is an art. Every day, companies ...